Muscle or Ligament Strain

Hsu W, Turk R, Spector L. Lumbar Spine Injuries in Recreational Athletes: A Review. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2025 Jan 30. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-24-00979. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39888643.

Herniated or Bulging Discs and Spondylosis/Osteoarthritis

Schoenfeld AJ, Weiner BK. Treatment of lumbar disc herniation: Evidence-based practice. Int J Gen Med. 2010 Jul 21;3:209-14. doi: 10.2147/ijgm.s12270. PMID: 20689695; PMCID: PMC2915533.

Gupta A, Upadhyaya S, Yeung CM, Ostergaard PJ, Fogel HA, Cha T, Schwab J, Bono C, Hershman S. Caudal Lumbar Disc Herniations Are More Likely to Require Surgery for Symptom Resolution. Global Spine J. 2021 Apr;11(3):359-364. doi: 10.1177/2192568220905849. Epub 2020 Feb 17. PMID: 32875890; PMCID: PMC8013954.

Degenerative Scoliosis Related Back Pain

Bayram F, Karatekin BD, Erhan B, Pasin O, Yumusakhuylu Y. Conservative Treatment in Adult Degenerative Scoliosis: a Prospective Cohort Study. Maedica (Bucur). 2024;19(1):23-29. doi:10.26574/maedica.2024.19.1.23

Fishman LM, Groessl EJ, Bernstein P. Two isometric yoga poses reduce the curves in degenerative and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Top Geriatr Rehabil. 2017;33:231–7.

Kluba T, Dikmenli G, Dietz K, Giehl JP, Niemeyer T. Comparison of surgical and conservative treatment for degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129(1):1-5. doi:10.1007/s00402-008-0673-z

Spinal Stenosis

Whitman JM, Flynn TW, Childs JD, et al. A comparison between two physical therapy treatment programs for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized clinical trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(22):2541-2549. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000241136.98159.8c

Instability (Spondylolisthesis)

Kalichman L, Hunter DJ. Diagnosis and conservative management of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:327–335. doi: 10.1007/s00586-007-0543-3.

Vibert BT, Sliva CD, Herkowitz HN. Treatment of instability and spondylolisthesis: surgical versus nonsurgical treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;443:222-227. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000200233.99436.ea

Postural Kyphosis (Thoracic Posture)

Fahrni WH. Conservative treatment of lumbar disc degeneration: our primary responsibility. Orthop Clin North Am. 1975;6(1):93-103.

Nakahira Y, Iwamoto M, Igawa T, Ishii K. Effect of individual spinal muscle activities on upright posture using a human body finite element model. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):3430. Published 2025 Jan 27. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86788-0

"Tech Neck" - Cervical Posture

Sheikhhoseini R, Shahrbanian S, Sayyadi P, O'Sullivan K. Effectiveness of Therapeutic Exercise on Forward Head Posture: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2018;41(6):530-539. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2018.02.002

Osteoporosis

Watson SL, Weeks BK, Weis LJ, et al. High-Intensity Resistance and Impact Training Improves Bone Mineral Density and Physical Function in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: The LIFTMOR Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res 2018;33:211–20. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3284

Pre-Surgery

Wesselink EO, Verheijen E, Djuric N, et al. Lumbar Multifidus Intramuscular fat Concentrations are Associated With Recovery Following Decompressive Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. A Longitudinal Cohort Study With 5-year Follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Published online May 27, 2025. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000005408

Hildebrandt M, Fankhauser G, Meichtry A, et al. Correlation between lumbar
dysfunction and fat infiltration in lumbar multifidus muscles in patients with low back
pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. Epub ahead of print 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-
016-1376-1.

Post-Surgery

McGregor AH, Probyn K, Cro S, et al. Rehabilitation following surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. A Cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(13):1044-1054. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000355

Brintz CE, Connors Kelly E, Polser G, et al. Feasibility, Acceptability and Modification of a Post-surgical Telehealth Mindfulness-Based Intervention to Enhance Recovery After Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Prospective Intervention Study. Glob Adv Integr Med Health. 2025;14:27536130251344843. Published 2025 May 21. doi:10.1177/27536130251344843

Work-Related Back Pain (RSI)

Hayden, J. A., van Tulder, M. W., Malmivaara, A., & Koes, B. W. (2005). Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD000335. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000335.pub2

https://worksafept.com/managing-work-related-back-pain-through-physical-therapy-comprehensive-guide/

Radicular Pain

Berry JA, Elia C, Saini HS, Miulli DE. A Review of Lumbar Radiculopathy, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus. 2019;11(10):e5934. Published 2019 Oct 17. doi:10.7759/cureus.5934

Pregnancy-Related Back Pain

Shim MJ, Lee YS, Oh HE, Kim JS. Effects of a back-pain-reducing program during pregnancy for Korean women: a non-equivalent control-group pretest-posttest study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007;44(1):19-28. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.11.016

Facet Joint Dysfunction

Beresford ZM, Kendall RW, Willick SE. Lumbar facet syndromes. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2010;9(1):50-56. doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181caba05

Chronic Pain Syndrome

George, J. M., & Stakiw, K. J. (2017). Manual physical therapy for chronic pain: the complex whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Pain Management, 7(4), 273–285. PMCID: PMC5498791

Generalized Low Back Pain

George, S. Z., Fritz, J. M., Silfies, S. P., Schneider, M. J., Beneciuk, J. M., Lentz, T. A., Gilliam, J. R., Hendren, S., & Norman, K. S. (2021). Interventions for the management of acute and chronic low back pain: Revision 2021. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 51(11), CPG1–CPG60. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2021.0304

Mazloum V, Sahebozamani M, Barati A, Nakhaee N, Rabiei P. The effects of selective Pilates versus extension-based exercises on rehabilitation of low back pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2018;22(4):999-1003. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.09.012

Tikhile P, Patil DS. Unveiling the Efficacy of Physiotherapy Strategies in Alleviating Low Back Pain: A Comprehensive Review of Interventions and Outcomes. Cureus. 2024 Mar 12;16(3):e56013. doi: 10.7759/cureus.56013. PMID: 38606230; PMCID: PMC11008921.

SI Joint Dysfunction

Al-Subahi M, Alayat M, Alshehri MA, et al. The effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions for sacroiliac joint dysfunction: a systematic review. J Phys Ther Sci. 2017;29(9):1689-1694. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1689

Kaya Mutlu E, Birinci T, Razak Ozdincler A, et al. The efficiency of manual therapy and sacroiliac and lumbar joint home-based exercise program in patients with sacroiliac joint dysfunction syndrome. Pain Physician. 2021;24(1):59-66. PMID: 33988941

Prevention of Low Back Pain

Fahrni WH. Conservative treatment of lumbar disc degeneration: our primary responsibility. Orthop Clin North Am. 1975;6(1):93-103.

Is Virtual Therapy Effective?

Prvu Bettger J, Green CL, Holmes DN, Chokshi A, Mather RC 3rd, Hoch BT, de Leon AJ, Aluisio F, Seyler TM, Del Gaizo DJ,Chiavetta J, Webb L, Miller V, Smith JM, Peterson ED. Effects of Virtual Exercise Rehabilitation In-Home Therapy Compared with Traditional Care After Total Knee Arthroplasty: VERITAS, a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020 Jan 15;102(2):101-109.

Xiao C, Zhao Y, Li G, et al. Clinical Efficacy of Multimodal Exercise Telerehabilitation Based on AI for Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2025;13:e56176. Published 2025 May 22. doi:10.2196/56176